Validation of a mouse conductance system to determine LV volume: Comparison to echocardiography and crystals

The application of left ventricular pressure-volume analysis to transgenic mice to characterize the cardiac phenotype has been problematic due to the small size of the mouse heart and the rapid heartbeat. Conductance technology has been miniaturized for the mouse and can solve this problem. However, there has been no validation of this technique. Accordingly, we performed echocardiography followed by simultaneous ultrasonic crystals, flow probe, and conductance studies in 18 CD-1 mice. Raw conductance volumes were corrected for an inhomogenous electrical field (α) and parallel conductance (G(pi)) yielding a stroke volume of 14.1 ± 3.7 μl/beat, end-diastolic volume of 20.8 ± 6.5 μl, and end-systolic volume of 9.0 ± 5.8 μl. The mean conductance volumes were no different from those derived by flow probe and echocardiography but did differ from ultrasonic crystals. G(pi) was determined to be 14.9 ± 8.7 μl. However, hypertonic saline altered dimension and pressure in the mouse left ventricle. Although G(pi) can be determined by the hypertonic saline method, saline altered hemodynamics, questioning its validity in the mouse. Although mean measures of absolute volume may be similar among different techniques, individual values did not correlate.