The association of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A U.S. nationwide analysis

Objective: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is a stress-induced cardiomyopathy that can be precipitated by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Several studies have shown patients who develop TC following aSAH have an increased risk of disability and mortality. The goal of this study is to examine the incidence of TC in aSAH, identify its risk factors, and analyze its impact on patient outcomes. Methods: Data for patients with aSAH between the years of 2009 and 2018 were extracted from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) and stratified based on the diagnosis of TC. Univariate analysis was used to assess the incidence of TC and covariates including patient demographics, aneurysmal treatment, in-hospital mortality rate, length of stay and costs. Multivariate logistic regression models analyzed the relationship between TC and these variables Results: 80,915 aSAH patient-discharges were included in this study, 673 (0.83%) of which, developed TC. Females (OR 3.49, CI [2.82–4.33], P < 0.001), white ethnicity (69% vs 63%, P = 0.003) and patients with certain comorbidities including smoking (OR 1.64, CI [1.38–1.95], P < 0.0001) and seizures (OR 1.32, CI [1.07, 1.64], P = 0.01) were most likely to develop TC. Patients who developed TC had significantly increased mortality (OR 1.36, CI [1.13–1.65], P = 0.001), hospital stays (mean days of 19.4 vs 11.5, P < 0.0001), and costs ($104,111 vs $48,734, P < 0.0001). Hypertension (OR 0.63, CI [0.54–0.74], P < 0.0001) and hyperlipidemia (OR 0.63, CI [0.51–0.77], P < 0.0001) were found to be protective against TC. Patients with TC after acute SAH were more likely to undergo endovascular coiling (OR 1.68, CI [1.327–2.127], P < 0.001) rather than surgical clipping (OR 0.66, CI [0.52–0.83], P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Female sex, white ethnicity, smoking and seizures represented significant predictors of developing TC after aSAH, while hypercholesterolemia and hypertension were protective.