Role of peroxynitrite in altered fetal-placental vascular reactivity in diabetes or preeclampsia

Oxidative stress may increase production of superoxide and nitric oxide, leading to formation of prooxidant peroxynitrite to cause vascular dysfunction. Having found nitrotyrosine residues, a marker of peroxynitrite action, in placental vessels of preeclamptic and diabetic pregnancies, we determined whether vasoreactivity is altered in these placentas and treatment with peroxynitrite produces vascular dysfunction. The responses of diabetic, preeclamptic, and normal placentas to increasing concentrations of the vasoconstrictors U-46619 (10^-9-10^-7 M) and ANG II (10^-9-10^-7 M) and the vasodilators glyceryl trinitrate (10^-9-10^-7 M) and prostacyclin (PGI₂; 10^-8-10^-6 M) were compared as were responses to these agents in normal placentas before and after treatment with 3.16 x 10^-4 M peroxynitrite for 30 min. Responses to both vasoconstrictors and vasodilators were significantly attenuated in diabetic and preeclamptic placentas compared with controls. Similarly, responses to U-46619, nitroglycerin, and PGI₂, but not ANG II, were significantly attenuated following peroxynitrite treatment. The presence of nitrotyrosine residues confirmed peroxynitrite interaction with placental vessels. Overall, our data suggest that peroxynitrite formation is capable of attenuating vascular responses in the human placenta.