Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Pulp Capping Agents: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies

Aim: The primary aim was to evaluate the physicochemical and biological characteristics of pulp capping materials. Materials and Methods: The systematic review report adhered to the latest Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statements, and the protocol was pre-registered (CRD42023471030) in the PROSPERO database before its commencement. To retrieve relevant literature, electronic searches were conducted using the Medline and Google Scholar databases from January 2000, up to August 2023. The records obtained through our electronic search were managed using a specialized web application for systematic review screening, and data were extracted using a standardized form. The evaluation of potential bias within the studies employed the modified Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist specifically designed for reporting in vitro dental material research. Results: The results revealed that out of 255 identified records, 16 studies were included. An analysis based on the modified CONSORT checklist identified a moderate risk of bias in the included studies, with compliance scores ranging from 50% to 70%. Studies scoring below 50% were omitted from the discussion because of a higher risk of bias. Conclusion: This study concludes that the physicochemical properties of resin-incorporated materials are better than those of calcium silicate cement (CSCs). However, the biological properties of CSCs are superior to those of resin-incorporated materials.