Miscellaneous approaches and considerations: TLR agonists and other inflammatory agents, anti-chemokine agents, infectious agents, tumor stroma targeting, age and sex effects, and miscellaneous small molecules

The field of tumor immunotherapy is evolving rapidly. Many promising areas are discussed in depth in various chapters in this book. This chapter provides a broad overview of additional approaches not covered in specific book chapters. Some areas are nonetheless quite advanced, such as the use of TLR agonists in clinical trials, and some have received FDA approvals such as BCG to treat bladder cancer and the IMiD lenalidomide to treat multiple myeloma. Other areas are of great interest but lack sufficient information to require a dedicated chapter. These miscellaneous areas hold great promise to further the development of effective cancer immunotherapies.