Gender and sex considerations in traumatic brain injury

There are multiple factors to consider regarding evaluation and management of a patient with traumatic brain injury (TBI), including gender or sex differences. In this chapter we aim to review available evidence and discuss pertinent areas of TBI care where appreciation of sex-based differences may be clinically relevant, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, and complications. We will also highlight significant gaps in knowledge about gender or sex differences in relation to brain injury. Improved understanding of the role of gender or sex in the TBI population can influence the continuum from risk factors to chronic disease management and bolster the individualized approach to rehabilitation.