Cardiovascular complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection

The heart and great vessels are not the sites most frequently affected by opportunistic infections and neoplastic processes in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, cardiovascular complications occur in a significant number of such patients and are the immediate cause of death in some. The spectrum of cardiovascular complications of AIDS that may be depicted at imaging includes dilated cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion, human immunodeficiency virus-associated pulmonary hypertension, endocarditis, thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, coronary artery disease, aneurysm, and cardiac involvement in AIDS-related tumors. To aid accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning, radiologists should be familiar with the imaging appearance of each of these complications.