@article{184095a2c9474672ba5bedeeca8f7b37,
title = "Trajectories of Marijuana Use among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 1984–2013",
abstract = "To construct longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use in a sample of men who have sex with men living with or at-risk for HIV infection. We determined factors associated with distinct trajectories of use as well as those that serve to modify the course of the trajectory. Data were from 3658 [1439 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) and 2219 HIV-seronegative (HIV−)] participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Frequency of marijuana use was obtained semiannually over a 29-year period (1984–2013). Group-based trajectory models were used to identify the trajectories and to determine predictors and modifiers of the trajectories over time. Four distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: abstainer/infrequent (65 %), decreaser (13 %), increaser (12 %) and chronic high (10 %) use groups. HIV+ status was significantly associated with increased odds of membership in the decreaser, increaser and chronic high use groups. Alcohol, smoking, stimulant and other recreational drug use were associated with increasing marijuana use across all four trajectory groups. Antiretroviral therapy use over time was associated with decreasing marijuana use in the abstainer/infrequent and increaser trajectory groups. Having a detectable HIV viral load was associated with increasing marijuana use in the increaser group only. Future investigations are needed to determine whether long-term patterns of use are associated with adverse consequences especially among HIV+ persons.",
keywords = "Marijuana use, MSM, Persons living with HIV, Trajectories",
author = "Okafor, {Chukwuemeka N.} and Cook, {Robert L.} and Xinguang Chen and Surkan, {Pamela J.} and Becker, {James T.} and Steve Shoptaw and Eileen Martin and Plankey, {Michael W.}",
note = "Funding Information: This study was funded by National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31-DA039810), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U24-AA022002) and the National Institute of Mental Health (P30MH058107). Funding Information: Chukwuemeka N Okafor is supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31-DA039810). Robert L Cook is supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U24-AA022002). Steve Shoptaw is supported by the National Institute on Mental Health (P30MH058107). The authors will like to thank Tariq Syed for his help in translating the abstract. Data in this manuscript were collected by the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) with centers at Baltimore (U01—AI35042): The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health: Joseph B. Margolick (PI), Barbara Crain, Adrian Dobs, Homayoon Farzadegan, Joel Gallant, Lisette Johnson-Hill, Cynthia Munro, Michael W. Plankey, Ned Sacktor, JamesShepard, Chloe Thio; Chicago (U01-AI35039): Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Cook County Bureau of Health Services: Steven M. Wolinsky (PI), John P. Phair, Sheila Badri, Maurice O{\textquoteright}Gorman, David Ostrow, Frank Palella, Ann Ragin; Los Angeles(U01-AI35040): University of California, UCLA Schools of Public Health andMedicine: Roger Detels (PI), Otoniel Mart{\'i}nez-Maza (Co-P I), Aaron Aronow, Robert Bolan,Elizabeth Breen, Anthony Butch, Beth Jamieson, Eric N. Miller, John Oishi, Harry Vinters,Dorothy Wiley, Mallory Witt, Otto Yang, Stephen Young, Zuo Feng Zhang; Pittsburgh (U01-AI35041): University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health: Charles R. Rinaldo (PI),Lawrence A. Kingsley (Co-PI), James T. Becker, Ross D. Cranston, Jeremy J. Martinson, JohnW. Mellors, Anthony J. Silvestre, Ronald D. Stall; and the Data Coordinating Center (UM1-AI35043): The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health: Lisa P. Jacobson(PI), Alvaro Munoz (Co-PI), Alison, Abraham, Keri Althoff, Christopher Cox, Jennifer Deal,Gypsyamber D{\textquoteright}Souza, Priya Duggal, Janet Schollenberger, Eric C. Seaberg, Sol Su, PamelaSurkan. The MACS is funded primarily by the National Institute of Allergy and InfectiousDiseases (NIAID), with additional co-funding from the National Cancer Institute (NCI).Targeted supplemental funding for specific projects was also provided by the National Heart,Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and the National Institute on Deafness and CommunicationDisorders (NIDCD). MACS data collection is also supported by UL1-TR000424 (JHU CTSA).Website located at http://www.statepi.jhsph.edu/macs/macs.html . The contents of thispublication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.",
year = "2017",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1007/s10461-016-1445-3",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "21",
pages = "1091--1104",
journal = "AIDS and Behavior",
issn = "1090-7165",
publisher = "Springer New York",
number = "4",
}