Pressure ulcer following circumferential head dressing

Purpose: To report four patients with forehead pressure ulcer (PU) following encircling head dressing and review the literature. Methods: Uneventful endoscopic forehead lift procedure was performed with moderate skin elevation in three patients. Left upper eyelid crease incision was made to remove the sub-brow dermoid cyst uneventfully in one patient. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia. Mixed topical antibiotic and steroid ointments were placed on the incision sites before putting the encircling forehead dressing (using gauze and elastic bandage). The dressing was then removed on the first postoperative examination. Results: Forehead and eyebrow PUs were observed on the first follow-up visit (16–72 h) after removing the dressing. Patients were otherwise healthy. They did not have significant pain or burning postoperatively. Management included pressure release, wound debridement, daily dressing, topical antibiotic and steroid, and silicone-based anti-scar cream. None had infected ulcer and all except one ended up with atrophic scar in the last follow-up (2–14 months). External pressure and shearing forces were assumed to be the main causative factors, even though reperfusion injury could contribute in the development of PU. Conclusion: Encircling head dressing can cause PU and result in scar formation in healthy immunocompetent patients. If there is a low risk of postoperative hematoma, encircling dressing should be avoided. Early loosening of the dressing and frequent examination of the skin are the best preventive and diagnostic measures. Treatment includes pressure removal, daily debridement, and topical medications.