Practical Approaches to Clinical Trials in Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

The randomized controlled trial is a relatively new method for assessing the efficacy of an intervention in the field of urology. Randomized controlled trials address inherent biases through allocation of concealment but are still subject to important biases and limitations. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer trials include both adjuvant and non-adjuvant therapeutic trials which have unique outcomes and methodology. Here, we review important biases, endpoints, and aspects of clinical trial design in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer as well as explore the underpinnings of pivotal trials that changed management for this disease.