TY - JOUR
T1 - Post-COVID-19 depression and serum interleukin 6 levels
T2 - A systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 convalescents with and without depression
AU - Seyedmirzaei, Homa
AU - Faramarzpour, Mahsa
AU - Saghazadeh, Amene
AU - Teixeira, Antônio L.
AU - Rezaei, Nima
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Objectives: Depression is among the psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19, affecting more than 20% of the convalescents. Its underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a critical role in the COVID-19-associated cytokine storm, has been implicated in depressive disorders, and may thus be involved in post-COVID-19 depression. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched for relevant studies assessing peripheral IL-6 levels in convalescents who developed depression after COVID-19 vs. convalescents who did not. Results: Five studies were included in our systematic review, and four entered the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that post-COVID people with de novo depression did not have statistically significant differences in IL-6 levels compared to those without depression (standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.35, 0.54, p-value = 0.68). Conclusions: Although convalescents with depression did not have significantly higher IL-6 levels than convalescents without depression, the results should be interpreted considering the limited sample size and the low power of the included studies.
AB - Objectives: Depression is among the psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19, affecting more than 20% of the convalescents. Its underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a critical role in the COVID-19-associated cytokine storm, has been implicated in depressive disorders, and may thus be involved in post-COVID-19 depression. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched for relevant studies assessing peripheral IL-6 levels in convalescents who developed depression after COVID-19 vs. convalescents who did not. Results: Five studies were included in our systematic review, and four entered the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that post-COVID people with de novo depression did not have statistically significant differences in IL-6 levels compared to those without depression (standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.35, 0.54, p-value = 0.68). Conclusions: Although convalescents with depression did not have significantly higher IL-6 levels than convalescents without depression, the results should be interpreted considering the limited sample size and the low power of the included studies.
KW - COVID-19
KW - Interleukin 6
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - depression
KW - inflammation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85166980198&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85166980198&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/15622975.2023.2242928
DO - 10.1080/15622975.2023.2242928
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37526618
AN - SCOPUS:85166980198
SN - 1562-2975
VL - 24
SP - 811
EP - 821
JO - World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
JF - World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
IS - 9
ER -