Noradrenergic terminal short-term potentiation enables modality-selective integration of sensory input and vigilance state

Recent years have seen compelling demonstrations of the importance of behavioral state on sensory processing and attention. Arousal plays a dominant role in controlling brain-wide neural activity patterns, particularly through modulation by norepinephrine. Noradrenergic brainstem nuclei, including locus coeruleus, can be activated by stimuli of multiple sensory modalities and broadcast modulatory signals via axonal projections throughout the brain. This organization might suggest proportional brain-wide norepinephrine release during states of heightened vigilance. Here, however, we have found that low-intensity, nonarousing visual stimuli enhanced vigilance-dependent noradrenergic signaling locally in visual cortex, revealed using dual-site fiber photometry to monitor noradrenergic Ca²⁺responses of astroglia simultaneously in cerebellum and visual cortex and two-photon microscopy to monitor noradrenergic axonal terminal Ca²⁺dynamics. Nitric oxide, following N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation in neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive interneurons, mediated transient acceleration of norepinephrinedependent astroglia Ca²⁺activation. These findings reveal a candidate cortical microcircuit for sensory modalityselective modulation of attention.