Molecular pathways and biological roles of melatonin and vitamin D; effects on immune system and oxidative stress

Melatonin and vitamin D are associated with the immune system and have important functions as antioxidants. Numerous attempts have been made to identify up to date activities of these molecules in various physiological conditions. The biosynthetic pathways of melatonin and vitamin D are correlated to sun exposure in an inverse manner. Vitamin D is biosynthesized when the skin is exposed to the sun's UV radiation, while melatonin synthesis occurs in the pineal gland principally during night. Additionally, vitamin D is particularly associated with intestinal absorption, metabolism, and homeostasis of ions including calcium, magnesium. However, melatonin has biological marks and impacts on the sleep-wake cycle. The roles of vitamin D and melatonin are opposed to each other individually, but either of them is implicated in the immune system. Recently studies have shown that melatonin and vitamin D have their specific set of aberrations in different cell signaling pathways, such as serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (Akt), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Wnt/β-catenin, and Notch. The aim of this review is to clarify the common biological functions and molecular mechanisms through which melatonin and vitamin D could deal with different signaling pathways.