TY - JOUR
T1 - Melatonin as a naturally occurring co-substrate of quinone reductase-2, the putative MT3 melatonin membrane receptor
T2 - Hypothesis and significance
AU - Tan, Dun Xian
AU - Manchester, Lucien C.
AU - Terron, M. Pilar
AU - Flores, Luis J.
AU - Tamura, Hiroshi
AU - Reiter, Russel J.
PY - 2007/11
Y1 - 2007/11
N2 - The nature of the MT3 melatonin receptor/binding site has been a long pondered mystery for scientists. Even though it is a presumptive membrane receptor, neither its transduction cascade nor its biological consequences, after its stimulation, have been uncovered. Moreover, solid data support the idea that the MT3 melatonin binding site is an enzyme, quinone reductase 2 (QR2), rather than a membrane melatonin receptor. Based on the data available and our preliminary studies, we hypothesize that melatonin is a co-substrate of QR2. We surmise that melatonin binds to a co-substrate binding site (MT3 binding site) donating an electron to the enzyme co-factor, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). FAD can be reduced to either FADH or FADH2 while melatonin is converted to N 1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine and/or cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin. QR2 is considered to be a detoxifying and antioxidant enzyme and its behavior changes depending on available co-substrates. As a naturally occurring substance, melatonin's levels fluctuate with the light/dark cycle, with aging and with health/disease state. As a result, these alterations in melatonin production under physiological or pathological conditions would probably influence the activity of QR2.
AB - The nature of the MT3 melatonin receptor/binding site has been a long pondered mystery for scientists. Even though it is a presumptive membrane receptor, neither its transduction cascade nor its biological consequences, after its stimulation, have been uncovered. Moreover, solid data support the idea that the MT3 melatonin binding site is an enzyme, quinone reductase 2 (QR2), rather than a membrane melatonin receptor. Based on the data available and our preliminary studies, we hypothesize that melatonin is a co-substrate of QR2. We surmise that melatonin binds to a co-substrate binding site (MT3 binding site) donating an electron to the enzyme co-factor, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). FAD can be reduced to either FADH or FADH2 while melatonin is converted to N 1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine and/or cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin. QR2 is considered to be a detoxifying and antioxidant enzyme and its behavior changes depending on available co-substrates. As a naturally occurring substance, melatonin's levels fluctuate with the light/dark cycle, with aging and with health/disease state. As a result, these alterations in melatonin production under physiological or pathological conditions would probably influence the activity of QR2.
KW - Antioxidant
KW - MT
KW - Melatonin
KW - Melatoninergic receptor
KW - Quinone reductase 2
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U2 - 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00513.x
DO - 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00513.x
M3 - Short survey
C2 - 17910598
AN - SCOPUS:34848928810
SN - 0742-3098
VL - 43
SP - 317
EP - 320
JO - Journal of pineal research
JF - Journal of pineal research
IS - 4
ER -