Marijuana in Orthopaedics: Effects on Bone Health, Wound-Healing, Surgical Complications, and Pain Management

»Marijuana use is on the rise in the United States, and there is a paucity of information on the effects of cannabis and its chemical constituents on bone health, wound-healing, surgical complications, and pain management.»Current evidence suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) may enhance bone health and metabolism, while Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the major psychoactive component in marijuana, has an inhibitory effect.»Marijuana users are at higher risk for delayed bone-healing, demonstrate lower bone mineral density, are at increased risk for fracture, and may experience postoperative complications such as increased opioid use and hyperemesis.