Lipoxin A₄ Attenuates Obesity-Induced Adipose Inflammation and Associated Liver and Kidney Disease

Summary The role of inflammation in obesity-related pathologies is well established. We investigated the therapeutic potential of LipoxinA₄ (LXA₄:5(S),6(R),15(S)-trihydroxy-7E,9E,11Z,13E,-eicosatetraenoic acid) and a synthetic 15(R)-Benzo-LXA₄-analog as interventions in a 3-month high-fat diet (HFD; 60% fat)-induced obesity model. Obesity caused distinct pathologies, including impaired glucose tolerance, adipose inflammation, fatty liver, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Lipoxins (LXs) attenuated obesity-induced CKD, reducing glomerular expansion, mesangial matrix, and urinary H₂O₂. Furthermore, LXA₄ reduced liver weight, serum alanine-aminotransferase, and hepatic triglycerides. LXA₄ decreased obesity-induced adipose inflammation, attenuating TNF-α and CD11c⁺ M1-macrophages (MΦs), while restoring CD206⁺ M2-MΦs and increasing Annexin-A1. LXs did not affect renal or hepatic MΦs, suggesting protection occurred via attenuation of adipose inflammation. LXs restored adipose expression of autophagy markers LC3-II and p62. LX-mediated protection was demonstrable in adiponectin^-/- mice, suggesting that the mechanism was adiponectin independent. In conclusion, LXs protect against obesity-induced systemic disease, and these data support a novel therapeutic paradigm for treating obesity and associated pathologies.