Interactive Effects of Empagliflozin and Hyperglycemia on Urinary Amino Acids in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes

Optimizing energy use in the kidney is critical for normal kidney function. Here, we investigate the effect of hyper-glycemia and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition on urinary amino acid excretion in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The open-label ATIRMA trial assessed the impact of 8 weeks of 25 mg empagliflozin orally once per day in 40 normotensive normoalbuminuric young adults with T1D. A consecutive 2-day assessment of clamped euglycemia and hyperglycemia was evaluated at baseline and posttreatment visits. Principal component analysis was performed on urinary amino acids grouped into representa-tive metabolic pathways using MetaboAnalyst. At baseline, acute hyperglycemia was associated with changes in 25 of the 33 urinary amino acids or their metabolites. The most sig-nificant amino acid metabolites affected by acute hypergly-cemia were 3-hydroxykynurenine, serotonin, glycyl-histidine, and nicotinic acid. The changes in amino acid metabolites were reflected by the induction of four biosynthetic path-ways: aminoacyl-tRNA; valine, leucine, and isoleucine; argi-nine; and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. In acute hyperglycemia, empagliflozin significantly attenuated the increases in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis. Our findings using amino acid metabolomics indicate that hyperglycemia stimulates biosynthetic pathways in T1D. SGLT2 inhibition may attenuate the increase in biosynthetic pathways to optimize kidney energy metabolism.