TY - JOUR
T1 - Hypothesizing That Neuropharmacological and Neuroimaging Studies of Glutaminergic-Dopaminergic Optimization Complex (KB220Z) Are Associated With “Dopamine Homeostasis” in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)
AU - Blum, Kenneth
AU - Febo, Marcelo
AU - Fried, Lyle
AU - Li, Mona
AU - Dushaj, Kristina
AU - Braverman, Eric R.
AU - McLaughlin, Thomas
AU - Steinberg, Bruce
AU - Badgaiyan, Rajendra D.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
PY - 2017/3/21
Y1 - 2017/3/21
N2 - Background: There is need for better treatments of addictive behaviors, both substance and non-substance related, termed Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). While the FDA has approved pharmaceuticals under the umbrella term Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT), these drugs are not optimal. Objectives: It is our contention that these drugs work well in the short-term by blocking dopamine function leading to psychological extinction. However, use of buprenorphine/Naloxone over a long period of time results in unwanted addiction liability, reduced emotional affect, and mood changes including suicidal ideation. Methods: We are thus proposing a paradigm shift in addiction treatment, with the long-term goal of achieving “Dopamine Homeostasis.” While this may be a laudable goal, it is very difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, this commentary briefly reviews past history of developing and subsequently, utilizing a glutaminergic-dopaminergic optimization complex [Kb220Z] shown to be beneficial in at least 20 human clinical trials and in a number of published and unpublished studies. Results: It is our opinion that, while additional required studies could confirm these findings to date, the cited studies are indicative of achieving enhanced resting state functional connectivity, connectivity volume, and possibly, neuroplasticity. Conclusions/Importance: We are proposing a Reward Deficiency Solution System (RDSS) that includes: Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS); Comprehensive Analysis of Reported Drugs (CARD); and a glutaminergic-dopaminergic optimization complex (Kb220Z). Continued investigation of this novel strategy may lead to a better-targeted approach in the long-term, causing dopamine regulation by balancing the glutaminergic-dopaminergic pathways. This may potentially change the landscape of treating all addictions leading us to the promised land.
AB - Background: There is need for better treatments of addictive behaviors, both substance and non-substance related, termed Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). While the FDA has approved pharmaceuticals under the umbrella term Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT), these drugs are not optimal. Objectives: It is our contention that these drugs work well in the short-term by blocking dopamine function leading to psychological extinction. However, use of buprenorphine/Naloxone over a long period of time results in unwanted addiction liability, reduced emotional affect, and mood changes including suicidal ideation. Methods: We are thus proposing a paradigm shift in addiction treatment, with the long-term goal of achieving “Dopamine Homeostasis.” While this may be a laudable goal, it is very difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, this commentary briefly reviews past history of developing and subsequently, utilizing a glutaminergic-dopaminergic optimization complex [Kb220Z] shown to be beneficial in at least 20 human clinical trials and in a number of published and unpublished studies. Results: It is our opinion that, while additional required studies could confirm these findings to date, the cited studies are indicative of achieving enhanced resting state functional connectivity, connectivity volume, and possibly, neuroplasticity. Conclusions/Importance: We are proposing a Reward Deficiency Solution System (RDSS) that includes: Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS); Comprehensive Analysis of Reported Drugs (CARD); and a glutaminergic-dopaminergic optimization complex (Kb220Z). Continued investigation of this novel strategy may lead to a better-targeted approach in the long-term, causing dopamine regulation by balancing the glutaminergic-dopaminergic pathways. This may potentially change the landscape of treating all addictions leading us to the promised land.
KW - Dopamine homeostasis
KW - KB220Z
KW - Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)
KW - neuroimaging
KW - neuropharmaco-logical
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85007425851&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85007425851&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/10826084.2016.1244551
DO - 10.1080/10826084.2016.1244551
M3 - Article
C2 - 28033474
AN - SCOPUS:85007425851
SN - 1082-6084
VL - 52
SP - 535
EP - 547
JO - Substance Use and Misuse
JF - Substance Use and Misuse
IS - 4
ER -