TY - JOUR
T1 - Enamel matrix derivative
T2 - Protein components and osteoinductive properties
AU - Stout, Bradshaw M.
AU - Alent, Brian J.
AU - Pedalino, Peter
AU - Holbrook, Ryan
AU - Gluhak-Heinrich, Jelica
AU - Cui, Yong
AU - Harris, Marie A.
AU - Gemperli, Anja C.
AU - Cochran, David L.
AU - Deas, David E.
AU - Harris, Stephen E.
PY - 2014/2
Y1 - 2014/2
N2 - Background: Although enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has demonstrated the ability to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, the specific elements within the EMD compound responsible for these effects remain unknown. Methods: Nine different protein pools from a commercially produced EMD were collected based on molecular weight. Six of these pools, along with the complete EMD unfractionated compound and positive and negative controls, were tested for their ability to induce bone formation in a calvarial induction assay. Immunocytochemistry of phosphorylated SMAD1/5/8 (phospho-SMAD), osterix, and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) was carried out at selected time points. Finally, proteomic analysis was completed to determine the specific protein-peptide content of the various osteoinductive pools. Results: One of the lower-molecular-weight pools tested, pool 7, showed bone induction responses significantly greater than those of the other pools and the complete EMD compound and was concentration dependent. Dynamic bone formation rate analysis demonstrated that pool 7 was optimally active at the 5-to 10-mg concentration. It was demonstrated that EMD and pool 7 induced phospho-SMAD, osterix, and VEGF-A, which is indicative of increased bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Proteomic composition analysis demonstrated that pool 7 had the highest concentration of the biologically active amelogenin-leucine-rich amelogenin peptide and ameloblastin 17-kDa peptides. Conclusions: These studies demonstrate that the low-molecular-weight protein pools (7 to 17 kDa) within EMD have greater osteoinductive potential than the commercially available complete EMD compound and that the mechanism of action, in part, is through increased BMP signaling and increased osterix and VEGF-A. With this information, selected components of EMD can now be formulated for optimal osteo-and angio-genesis.
AB - Background: Although enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has demonstrated the ability to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, the specific elements within the EMD compound responsible for these effects remain unknown. Methods: Nine different protein pools from a commercially produced EMD were collected based on molecular weight. Six of these pools, along with the complete EMD unfractionated compound and positive and negative controls, were tested for their ability to induce bone formation in a calvarial induction assay. Immunocytochemistry of phosphorylated SMAD1/5/8 (phospho-SMAD), osterix, and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) was carried out at selected time points. Finally, proteomic analysis was completed to determine the specific protein-peptide content of the various osteoinductive pools. Results: One of the lower-molecular-weight pools tested, pool 7, showed bone induction responses significantly greater than those of the other pools and the complete EMD compound and was concentration dependent. Dynamic bone formation rate analysis demonstrated that pool 7 was optimally active at the 5-to 10-mg concentration. It was demonstrated that EMD and pool 7 induced phospho-SMAD, osterix, and VEGF-A, which is indicative of increased bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Proteomic composition analysis demonstrated that pool 7 had the highest concentration of the biologically active amelogenin-leucine-rich amelogenin peptide and ameloblastin 17-kDa peptides. Conclusions: These studies demonstrate that the low-molecular-weight protein pools (7 to 17 kDa) within EMD have greater osteoinductive potential than the commercially available complete EMD compound and that the mechanism of action, in part, is through increased BMP signaling and increased osterix and VEGF-A. With this information, selected components of EMD can now be formulated for optimal osteo-and angio-genesis.
KW - Ameloblastin protein
KW - Amelogenin
KW - Enamel matrix proteins
KW - Human
KW - Osteogenesis
KW - Proteomics
KW - Tuftelin
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84893862720&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84893862720&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1902/jop.2013.130264
DO - 10.1902/jop.2013.130264
M3 - Article
C2 - 23919251
AN - SCOPUS:84893862720
SN - 0022-3492
VL - 85
SP - e9-e17
JO - Journal of periodontology
JF - Journal of periodontology
IS - 2
ER -