Effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate on delay discounting in rats: Interactions with order of delay presentation

Rationale: Drug effects on delay discounting are thought to reflect changes in sensitivity to reinforcer delay, although other behavioral mechanisms might be involved. One strategy for revealing the influence of different behavioral mechanisms is to alter features of the procedures in which they are studied. Objective: This experiment examined whether the order of delay presentation under within-session delay discounting procedures impacts drug effects on discounting. Methods: Rats responded under a discrete-trial choice procedure in which responses on one lever delivered one food pellet immediately and responses on the other lever delivered three food pellets either immediately or after a delay. The delay to the larger reinforcer (0, 4, 8, 16, and 32 s) was varied within session and the order of delay presentation (ascending or descending) varied between groups. Results: Amphetamine (0.1-1.78 mg/kg) and methylphenidate (1.0-17.8 mg/kg) shifted delay functions upward in the ascending group (increasing choice of the larger reinforcer) and downward in the descending group (decreasing choice of the larger reinforcer). Morphine (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (0.32-5.6 mg/kg) tended to shift the delay functions downward, regardless of order of delay presentation, thereby reducing choice of the larger reinforcer, even when both reinforcers were delivered immediately. Conclusion: The effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate under delay discounting procedures differed depending on the order of delay presentation, indicating that drug-induced changes in discounting were due, in part, to mechanisms other than altered sensitivity to reinforcer delay. Instead, amphetamine and methylphenidate altered responding in a manner consistent with increased behavioral perseveration.