Detection of interproximal demineralized lesions on human teeth in vitro using frequency-domain infrared photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence

Frequency-domain photothermal radiometry (FD-PTR or PTR) is used to detect mechanical holes and demineralized enamel in the interproximal contact area of extracted human teeth. Thirty-four teeth are used in a series of experiments. Preliminary tests to detect mechanical holes created by dental burs and 37% phosphoric acid etching for 20 s on the interproximal contact points show distinct differences in the signal. Interproximal contact areas are demineral-ized by using a partially saturated acidic buffer system. Each sample pair is examined with PTR before and after micromachining or treating at sequential treatment periods spanning 6h to 30 days. Dental bitewing radiographs showed no sign of demineralized lesion even for samples treated for 30 days. Microcomputer tomography (μ-CT), transverse microradiography (TMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses are performed. Although μ-CT and TMR measured mineral losses and lesion depths, only SEM surface images showed visible signs of treatment because of the minimal extent of the demineralization. However, the PTR amplitude increased by more than 300% after 80 h of treatment. Therefore, PTR is shown to have sufficient contrast for the detection of very early interproximal demineralized lesions. The technique further exhibits excellent signal re-producibility and consistent signal changes in the presence of inter-proximal demineralized lesions, attributes that could lead to PTR as a reliable probe to detect early interproximal demineralization lesions. Modulated luminescence is also measured simultaneously, but it shows a lower ability than PTR to detect these interproximal demineralized lesions.