Comparison of Human, Porcine, and Bovine Acellular Dermal Matrix in Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction: A Scoping Review

Objective The aim of the study is to determine rates of overall complications and failure of prepectoral breast reconstruction between various types of acellular dermal matrices (ADMs). Background Implant-based breast reconstruction is the most common reconstructive technique after mastectomy in the United States. Traditionally, the reconstruction has been performed in the subpectoral plane; however, there has been an emerging interest in prepectoral reconstruction using ADM. Human (hADM), porcine (pADM), and bovine (bADM) ADMs are available for use, but little is known about the benefits and complication profiles of each for prepectoral breast reconstruction. Methods Studies examining complications after the use of ADM for prepectoral breast reconstruction were identified using MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, LILACS, and the Web of Science from January 2010 to August 2021. Titles and abstracts of 1838 studies were screened, followed by full-text screening of 355 articles. Thirty-three studies were found to meet inclusion criteria. Results From the 33 studies, 6046 prepectoral reconstructions were examined. Implant loss was comparable across the different types of ADM (pADM, 4.0%; hADM, 4.0%; bADM, 3.7%). Bovine ADM had the highest rate of capsular contracture (6.1%), infection (9.0%), skin flap necrosis (8.3%), dehiscence (5.4%), and hematoma (6.1%) when compared with both hADM and pADM. Human ADM had the highest rate of postoperative seroma (5.3%), followed by pADM (4.6%) and bADM (4.5%). Conclusions Among the prepectoral breast reconstruction studies using hADM, pADM, or bADM included in our analysis, complication profiles were similar. Bovine ADM had the highest proportion of breast complications in the following categories: capsular contracture, infection rate, skin flap necrosis, dehiscence, and hematoma. Implant loss was comparable across the cohorts. Overall, prepectoral breast reconstruction using ADM leads to relatively low complication rates with the highest rates within the bADM cohort.