Combination therapy with canagliflozin plus liraglutide exerts additive effect on weight loss, but not on HbA_1c, in patients with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of combination therapy with canagliflozin plus liraglutide on HbA_1c, endogenous glucose production (EGP), and body weight versus each therapy alone. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Forty-five patients with poorly controlled (HbA_1c 7-11%) type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on metformin with or without sulfonylurea received a 9-h measurement of EGP with [3-³H]glucose infusion, after which they were randomized to receive 1) liraglutide 1.2 mg/day (LIRA), 2) canagliflozin 100 mg/day (CANA), or 3) liraglutide 1.2 mg plus canagliflozin 100 mg (CANA/LIRA) for 16 weeks. At 16 weeks, the EGP measurement was repeated. RESULTS: The mean decrease from baseline to 16 weeks in HbA_1c was 21.67 6 0.29% (P 5 0.0001), 20.89 6 0.24% (P 5 0.002), and 21.44 6 0.39% (P 5 0.004) in patients receiving CANA/LIRA, CANA, and LIRA, respectively. The decrease in body weight was 26.0 6 0.8 kg (P < 0.0001), 23.5 6 0.5 kg (P < 0.0001), and 21.9 6 0.8 kg (P 5 0.03), respectively. CANA monotherapy caused a 9% increase in basal rate of EGP (P < 0.05), which was accompanied by a 50% increase (P < 0.05) in plasma glucagon-to-insulin ratio. LIRA monotherapy reduced plasma glucagon concentration and inhibited EGP. In CANA/LIRA-treated patients, EGP increased by 15% (P < 0.05), even though the plasma insulin response was maintained at baseline and the CANA-induced rise in plasma glucagon concentration was blocked. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that liraglutide failed to block the increase in EGP caused by canagliflozin despite blocking the rise in plasma glucagon and preventing the decrease in plasma insulin concentration caused by canagliflozin.