TY - JOUR
T1 - Cognitive enhancement drug use among future physicians
T2 - Findings from a multi-institutional census of medical students
AU - Emanuel, Robyn M.
AU - Frellsen, Sandra L.
AU - Kashima, Kathleen J.
AU - Sanguino, Sandra M.
AU - Sierles, Frederick S.
AU - Lazarus, Cathy J.
N1 - Funding Information:
The contents of this article do not represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government. Funding for this project was provided through an educational development fund at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science.
Funding Information:
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank Marina Wolf, Ph.D., Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, for her contributions to the study conception and to manuscript preparation, and Holly Geyer, M.D., Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, for her contributions to the study conception. Funding was provided with support from Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. Ethical approval has been granted for this study from Institutional Review Boards of all participating schools. The contents of this article do not represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government.
PY - 2013/8
Y1 - 2013/8
N2 - BACKGROUND: Nonmedical use of prescription psychostimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine salts for the purpose of cognitive enhancement is a growing trend, particularly in educational environments. To our knowledge, no recent studies have evaluated the use of these psychostimulants in a medical academic setting. OBJECTIVE: To conduct an online census of psychostimulant use among medical students. DESIGN: In 2011, we conducted a multi-institutional census using a 31-48 item online survey regarding use of prescription psychostimulants. PARTICIPANTS: 2,732 actively enrolled medical students at four private and public medical schools in the greater Chicago area. MAIN MEASURES: Prevalence and correlates of psychostimulant use KEY RESULTS: 1,115 (41 %) of students responded to the web-based questionnaire (range 26-47 % among schools). On average, students were 25.1 years of age (SD = 2.7, range 20-49), and single (70 %). Overall, 18 % (198/1,115) of this medical student sample had used prescription psychostimulants at least once in their lifetime, with first use most often in college. Of these, 11 % (117/1,115) of students reported use during medical school (range 7-16 % among schools). Psychostimulant use was significantly correlated with use of barbiturates, ecstasy, and tranquilizers (Pearson's correlation r > 0.5, Student's t-test p < 0.01); male gender (21 % male versus 15 % female, Chi squared p = 0.007); and training at a medical school which by student self-report determined class rank (68 % versus 51 %, Chi-squared p = 0.018). Non-users were more likely to be first year students (Chi-squared p = 0.048) or to have grown up outside of the United States (Chi-squared p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Use of psychostimulants, including use without a prescription, is common among medical students. Further study of the side effects, medical implications, and use during post-graduate medical training and medical practice is needed to inform evidence-based policy.
AB - BACKGROUND: Nonmedical use of prescription psychostimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine salts for the purpose of cognitive enhancement is a growing trend, particularly in educational environments. To our knowledge, no recent studies have evaluated the use of these psychostimulants in a medical academic setting. OBJECTIVE: To conduct an online census of psychostimulant use among medical students. DESIGN: In 2011, we conducted a multi-institutional census using a 31-48 item online survey regarding use of prescription psychostimulants. PARTICIPANTS: 2,732 actively enrolled medical students at four private and public medical schools in the greater Chicago area. MAIN MEASURES: Prevalence and correlates of psychostimulant use KEY RESULTS: 1,115 (41 %) of students responded to the web-based questionnaire (range 26-47 % among schools). On average, students were 25.1 years of age (SD = 2.7, range 20-49), and single (70 %). Overall, 18 % (198/1,115) of this medical student sample had used prescription psychostimulants at least once in their lifetime, with first use most often in college. Of these, 11 % (117/1,115) of students reported use during medical school (range 7-16 % among schools). Psychostimulant use was significantly correlated with use of barbiturates, ecstasy, and tranquilizers (Pearson's correlation r > 0.5, Student's t-test p < 0.01); male gender (21 % male versus 15 % female, Chi squared p = 0.007); and training at a medical school which by student self-report determined class rank (68 % versus 51 %, Chi-squared p = 0.018). Non-users were more likely to be first year students (Chi-squared p = 0.048) or to have grown up outside of the United States (Chi-squared p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Use of psychostimulants, including use without a prescription, is common among medical students. Further study of the side effects, medical implications, and use during post-graduate medical training and medical practice is needed to inform evidence-based policy.
KW - amphetamine salts
KW - cognitive enhancement
KW - drug use
KW - medical students
KW - methylphenidate
KW - nootropics
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U2 - 10.1007/s11606-012-2249-4
DO - 10.1007/s11606-012-2249-4
M3 - Article
C2 - 23595918
AN - SCOPUS:84880512387
VL - 28
SP - 1028
EP - 1034
JO - Journal of General Internal Medicine
JF - Journal of General Internal Medicine
SN - 0884-8734
IS - 8
ER -