TY - JOUR
T1 - Centchroman suppresses breast cancer metastasis by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition via downregulation of HER2/ERK1/2/MMP-9 signaling
AU - Khan, Sajid
AU - Shukla, Samriddhi
AU - Sinha, Sonam
AU - Lakra, Amar Deep
AU - Bora, Himangsu K.
AU - Meeran, Syed Musthapa
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the EpiHeD-Network Scheme ( BSC0118 ) and Senior Research fellowship grants (SK, SS) from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India, India. Part of this work was also supported by grants to SMM from the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), and Department of Biotechnology (Twinning Programme), New Delhi, India . We also acknowledge Hindustan Latex Limited (HLL), Thiruvanathapuram, India, for providing Centchroman as a kind gift. CSIR-CDRI communication Number-8829.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PY - 2015/1
Y1 - 2015/1
N2 - Metastatic spread during carcinogenesis worsens disease prognosis and accelerates the cancer progression. Therefore, newer therapeutic options with higher specificity toward metastatic cancer are required. Centchroman (CC), a female oral contraceptive, has previously been reported to possess antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities in human breast cancer cells. Here, we investigated the effect of CC-treatment against breast cancer metastasis and associated molecular mechanism using in vitro and in vivo models. CC significantly inhibited the proliferation of human and mouse mammary cancer cells. CC-treatment also inhibited migration and invasion capacities of highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells, at sub-IC50 concentrations. Inhibition of cell migration and invasion was found to be associated with the reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as observed by the upregulation of epithelial markers and downregulation of mesenchymal markers as well as decreased activities of matrix metalloproteinases. Experimental EMT induced by exposure to TGFβ/TNFα in nontumorigenic human mammary epithelial MCF10A cells was also reversed by CC as evidenced by morphological changes and modulation in the expression levels of EMT-markers. CC-mediated inhibition of cellular migration was, at least partially, mediated through inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling, which was further validated by using MEK1/2 inhibitor (PD0325901). Furthermore, CC-treatment resulted in suppression of tumor growth and lung metastasis in 4T1-syngeneic mouse model. Collectively, our findings suggest that CC-treatment at higher doses specifically induces cellular apoptosis and inhibits cellular proliferation; whereas at lower doses, it inhibits cellular migration and invasion. Therefore, CC could further be developed as an effective drug candidate against metastatic breast cancer.
AB - Metastatic spread during carcinogenesis worsens disease prognosis and accelerates the cancer progression. Therefore, newer therapeutic options with higher specificity toward metastatic cancer are required. Centchroman (CC), a female oral contraceptive, has previously been reported to possess antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities in human breast cancer cells. Here, we investigated the effect of CC-treatment against breast cancer metastasis and associated molecular mechanism using in vitro and in vivo models. CC significantly inhibited the proliferation of human and mouse mammary cancer cells. CC-treatment also inhibited migration and invasion capacities of highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells, at sub-IC50 concentrations. Inhibition of cell migration and invasion was found to be associated with the reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as observed by the upregulation of epithelial markers and downregulation of mesenchymal markers as well as decreased activities of matrix metalloproteinases. Experimental EMT induced by exposure to TGFβ/TNFα in nontumorigenic human mammary epithelial MCF10A cells was also reversed by CC as evidenced by morphological changes and modulation in the expression levels of EMT-markers. CC-mediated inhibition of cellular migration was, at least partially, mediated through inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling, which was further validated by using MEK1/2 inhibitor (PD0325901). Furthermore, CC-treatment resulted in suppression of tumor growth and lung metastasis in 4T1-syngeneic mouse model. Collectively, our findings suggest that CC-treatment at higher doses specifically induces cellular apoptosis and inhibits cellular proliferation; whereas at lower doses, it inhibits cellular migration and invasion. Therefore, CC could further be developed as an effective drug candidate against metastatic breast cancer.
KW - Breast cancer
KW - Centchroman
KW - Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
KW - Metastasis
KW - Migration
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U2 - 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.028
DO - 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.028
M3 - Article
C2 - 25448414
AN - SCOPUS:84910639102
SN - 1357-2725
VL - 58
SP - 1
EP - 16
JO - International Journal of Biochemistry
JF - International Journal of Biochemistry
ER -