Aging of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis: Hormonal influences and cellular mechanisms

Longitudinal studies employing heterochronic ovarian grafts and long-term ovariectomy indicate that there is no single pacemaker of reproductive aging. Neuroendocrine dysfunction, the declining follicular reserve, and ovarian secretions all contribute to reproductive decline, and their relative importance to the different stages of reproductive aging varies markedly. Moreover, although ovarian secretions during adulthood potentiate certain aspects of the reproductive aging process, their behavior does not fit a simple model of cumulative steroidal damage incurred over the lifespan. Current data are more consistent with temporally distinct windows of steroidal vulnerability for the events affected: cycle lengthening is affected by ovarian secretions during the period of cyclicity, and post-cyclic neuroendocrine failure is potentiated by ovarian secretions during the peri- and post-cyclic period of the lifespan. Recent examination of estradiol receptor dynamics reveals multiple, albeit selective, changes during aging that may contribute to the age-related impairments of tissue sensitivity to estrogen. These changes vary qualitatively and quantitatively among target tissues. Thus, aging of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis at the cellular level mirrors, in its multifactorial nature, aging at the organismic level.