TY - JOUR
T1 - Acute liver damage associated with innate immune activation in a small nonhuman primate model of hepacivirus infection
AU - Manickam, Cordelia
AU - Rajakumar, Premeela
AU - Wachtman, Lynn
AU - Kramer, Joshua A.
AU - Martinot, Amanda J.
AU - Varner, Valerie
AU - Giavedoni, Luis D.
AU - Reeves, R. Keith
N1 - Funding Information:
FUNDING INFORMATION This work, including the efforts of Cordelia Manickam, Valerie Varner, and R. Keith Reeves, was funded by HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R21 AI101170). This work, including the efforts of Premeela Rajakumar, Lynn Wachtman, Joshua Kramer, and Amanda J. Martinot, was funded by HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH) (P51 OD011103). This work, including the efforts of Luis David Giavedoni, was funded by HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH) (P51 OD011133). This work, including the efforts of Cordelia Manickam and R. Keith Reeves, was funded by HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R21 AI118468).
PY - 2016
Y1 - 2016
N2 - Despite its importance in shaping adaptive immune responses, viral clearance, and immune-based inflammation, tissue-specific innate immunity remains poorly characterized for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection due to the lack of access to acutely infected tissues. In this study, we evaluated the impact of natural killer (NK) cells and myeloid (mDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs) dendritic cells on control of virus replication and virus-induced pathology caused by another, more rapidly resolving hepacivirus, GB virus B (GBV-B), in infections of common marmosets. High plasma and liver viral loads and robust hepatitis characterized acute GBV-B infection, and while viremia was generally cleared by 2 to 3 months postinfection, hepatitis and liver fibrosis persisted after clearance. Coinciding with peak viral loads and liver pathology, the levels of NK cells, mDCs, and pDCs in the liver increased up to 3-fold. Although no obvious numerical changes in peripheral innate cells occurred, circulating NK cells exhibited increased perforin and Ki67 expression levels and increased surface expression of CXCR3. These data suggested that increased NK cell arming and proliferation as well as tissue trafficking may be associated with influx into the liver during acute infection. Indeed, NK cell frequencies in the liver positively correlated with plasma (R = 0.698; P = 0.015) and liver (R = 0.567; P = 0.057) viral loads. Finally, soluble factors associated with NK cells and DCs, including gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and RANTES, were increased in acute infection and also were associated with viral loads and hepatitis. Collectively, the findings showed that mobilization of local and circulating innate immune responses was linked to acute virus-induced hepatitis, and potentially to resolution of GBV-B infection, and our results may provide insight into similar mechanisms in HCV infection.
AB - Despite its importance in shaping adaptive immune responses, viral clearance, and immune-based inflammation, tissue-specific innate immunity remains poorly characterized for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection due to the lack of access to acutely infected tissues. In this study, we evaluated the impact of natural killer (NK) cells and myeloid (mDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs) dendritic cells on control of virus replication and virus-induced pathology caused by another, more rapidly resolving hepacivirus, GB virus B (GBV-B), in infections of common marmosets. High plasma and liver viral loads and robust hepatitis characterized acute GBV-B infection, and while viremia was generally cleared by 2 to 3 months postinfection, hepatitis and liver fibrosis persisted after clearance. Coinciding with peak viral loads and liver pathology, the levels of NK cells, mDCs, and pDCs in the liver increased up to 3-fold. Although no obvious numerical changes in peripheral innate cells occurred, circulating NK cells exhibited increased perforin and Ki67 expression levels and increased surface expression of CXCR3. These data suggested that increased NK cell arming and proliferation as well as tissue trafficking may be associated with influx into the liver during acute infection. Indeed, NK cell frequencies in the liver positively correlated with plasma (R = 0.698; P = 0.015) and liver (R = 0.567; P = 0.057) viral loads. Finally, soluble factors associated with NK cells and DCs, including gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and RANTES, were increased in acute infection and also were associated with viral loads and hepatitis. Collectively, the findings showed that mobilization of local and circulating innate immune responses was linked to acute virus-induced hepatitis, and potentially to resolution of GBV-B infection, and our results may provide insight into similar mechanisms in HCV infection.
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U2 - 10.1128/JVI.01051-16
DO - 10.1128/JVI.01051-16
M3 - Article
C2 - 27489267
AN - SCOPUS:84990064116
VL - 90
SP - 9153
EP - 9162
JO - Journal of Virology
JF - Journal of Virology
SN - 0022-538X
IS - 20
ER -